While mitigating the winter cold season, the morphological configurations of the central Athens area lead to a drastic climate change during the hot summer period, generating extreme high temperatures and consequently hazardous health conditions. Thus, the long-term albedo difference between high solar reflectance concrete and asphalt is 0.425 − 0.175 = + 0.25, and the long-term albedo difference between high solar reflectance concrete and conventional concrete is 0.425 − 0.275 = + 0.15. The UHI effect mainly results from high-density infrastructures, which not only limit air flow but also emit heat stored from solar energy. By using white or light color aggregates, the albedo can be increased to about 30% (To implement the high-reflectance surface coating technology, proper The visible light reflectance of the coating is mainly governed by its visible color and surface roughness, which are determined by the inorganic fillers. Heat islands occur on the surface and in the atmosphere. In addition, the reduction of vegetation and wetlands further weakens the heat-releasing capacity of cities.It is urgent to mitigate the UHI effect, as it has become a huge threat to the environment and human health (Previous studies indicated that the optical and thermal characteristics of urban structures have a strong relationship with urban climate and temperatures (Cool pavement is an effective technology to solve the UHI problem. An independent organization of leading scientists and journalists researching and reporting the facts about our changing climate and its impact on the public.Climate Central surveys and conducts scientific research on climate change and informs the public of key findings. The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect has become one of the major threats for the welfare of developed cities over the last years, as a result of increased urbanisation. UHIs are originated by heat generated in urban environments that is entrapped by urban structures being aggravated by greenhouse gases and the lack of green spaces.Developing and implementing comprehensive mitigation strategies for urban areas will take considerable time. The vegetative layer on buildings acts as insulation, preventing heat gain in the summer while reducing heat loss in the winter (Despite the higher up-front installation cost, green roofs provide economic benefits from energy savings, reduced stormwater infrastructure costs, diminished pollution loading to surface waters and sewer systems, and lower public health costs (Vertical surfaces represent another large area and opportunity for vegetative cover. It is also reported that the exceptionally hot summer of 2007 is likely to be the “normal summer” of the period 2071–2100.Many are the studies, the measurements, and calculations in the AMA that confirmed the existence of a strong HI phenomenon (The presence of the mountains Egaleo at the western part and Parnitha at the northern part and also of the mountains Penteli and Hymettus at the northern and eastern parts, respectively, act as the major natural obstacles at the territorial scale, since it is a barrier against the north winds which dominate during the summer period at the Athens area (Etesian winds). For this reason, this research developed a statistical methodology to model the UHI effect, taking the Valencian Community (eastern Spain) as a case study. It is also important to determine if the goal is just to assess heat stress in real time or also forecast future heat stress levels The USEPA provides an urban heat island Mitigation Impact Screening Tool (MIST) to help estimate the expected impacts of urban heat island mitigation strategies on air temperature, air quality, and energy demand, averaged at the city-scale (Over time, the albedo of asphalt can increase from 0.05–0.10 (average = 0.075) at initial installation to 0.15–0.20 (average = 0.175) because of the exposure of aggregates after wearing and the oxidation that causes the binder to fade. Therefore, they are generally composed of three main parts: the organic polymer substrate, inorganic fillers, and antiskid aggregates. As cities grow and develop, more buildings and people are added. The urban heat island (UHI) effect is a common environmental problem occurring in metropolitan areas in which the air temperature is significantly higher than in suburban areas. Cities are almost always hotter than the surrounding rural area but global warming takes that heat and makes it worse.
The following sections will discuss how these can be used as cooling pavement materials.All the studies of cool pavements assess the cooling effects on surface or air or both. Santamouris The increase in urban temperature provokes an average increase of cooling energy loads from 20% to 45% in the Mediterranean climate Other studies highlighted that the energy impact of UHI effect is also detrimental in colder climates In spite of this, the current methods and tools for assessing building energy performance completely neglect the UHI effect.
There are many reasons for UHIs.
Urban heat islands are created in areas like these: places that have lots of activity and lots of people.
This is probably necessary to some extent to reduce the uncertain and/or unintended potentially negative consequences of using one single technology.As mentioned previously other thermal properties of pavement materials, such as heat capacity, density, and thermal conductivity, as well as thermal emissivity, also play important roles in determining the temperatures of pavement and near-surface air.
Simply stating, Urban Heat Island (UHI) is defined as drastic increase of urban temperature compared to their rural surroundings. Dec. 7, 2018 — Urban areas are warmer than the adjacent undeveloped land, a phenomenon known as the urban heat island effect. Heat is the No.1 weather-related killer in the U.S., and the hottest days, particularly days over 90°F, are associated with dangerous ozone pollution levels that can trigger asthma attacks, heart attacks, and other serious health impacts.Our analysis of summer temperatures in 60 of the largest U.S. cities found that: Urban heat islands are even more intense at night.
In this study, the distribution of the value of Humidex (H) has been estimated by means of statistical methods.
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