But there’s good news, says Gassman, whose no-nonsense demeanour and doctorate in marine biology (with a focus on coastal ecosystems) makes her particularly convincing. “The basement flooded again a couple weeks ago,” he’d sometimes say.
“But I think it’ll have long-term returns.”As well as sleek and airy, developers say that Brickell City Centre is resilient (Credit: Amanda Ruggeri)All of this puts a catch-22 at the heart of south Florida’s development.
Many will also tell you that it’s happening more and more frequently. Last year, Fort Lauderdale proposed that everyone should be made to raise their seawalls to a certain height by 2035. The 105 miles (169km) of roads being raised in Miami Beach. Instead, I see what might be lost. An airport? Elevation is time for us.”An uptick also happened between the 1930s and 1950s, says Wdowinski, making some question whether this is a similar oscillation. I can’t tell you exactly what it’s going to be. But that’s probably wishful thinking. But no.
When Gallo went to file his insurance claim, it was turned down. “They’re getting millions and millions from the Rockefeller Foundation for this,” he says. So the roads stayed flooded 24/7,” she says. Fast-forward to 2015: a hearing on the county’s budget was dominated by one resident after another asking why the county wasn’t doing more about sea level rise.So much so, in fact, that the county decided to hire Murley, its first resilience officer. Hardly anyone came out for the committee hearing, Yoder says. But there’s a catch: the floodwater still can’t leave if the tide is above the level of the outflow pipes. The 116 tidal valves installed in Fort Lauderdale. Three feet of sea level rise – which the range of predictions put together by Compact estimates is likely to happen within the next 60 years – will flood Trump’s Mar-a-Lago estate in Palm Beach.“It doesn’t matter if you’re a Democrat or Republican commissioner when a neighbour calls you and tells you that their lawn is flooded,” says Gassman. Point two is that the topography of the area isn’t quite what you’d expect. According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (Fema), which runs a national flood insurance programme for at-risk business and property owners like Gallo, anything below street level is considered a basement. What if a glacier melts more quickly than expected? Pump stations have sprouted across Sunset Harbour, an industrial-turned-hip neighbourhood on the barrier island’s bay side, and are moving south.A maintenance worker repairs one of the pump stations in Sunset Harbour, the first neighbourhood in Miami Beach to launch the city’s defence strategy (Credit: Amanda Ruggeri)Roads are being raised, too, sometimes by up to 2ft (61cm), to an elevation which the Southeast Florida Climate Compact’s projections put as a likely sea level height around 2065. The water doesn’t just come over seawalls; it seeps up from beneath the streets. Flooding has increased by an average of 233% in the last 20 years.
A lot of public infrastructure is built to last for at least 50 or 75 years, and that means planning for what the world will look like then. “While there are problems in some areas, we’ll have to adjust, but these areas are not in places you’d expect – and we’ll have time to address some of these issues.”Fort Lauderdale’s canals make some of its neighbourhoods especially vulnerable (Credit: Alamy)Not every community might be so lucky. Gassman pulls one out to show me. Higher seas mean more water and more flooding during high tides, hurricanes, and rain storms. It is one of three wastewater treatment plants run by the largest utility in Florida, which serves 2.3 million of the county’s 2.6 million residents. On the federal level, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ initial proposal to solve Miami’s sea-level rise problem is a $4.6 billion plan that calls for six miles of … Look how far I’m going to go down. “We are literally going to have to rewrite how businesses function, and how cities are designed. A king tide came over the tops of the seawalls, flooded the street – and then remained higher than the outfall. The The flooding would be a challenge for any community, but it poses particular risks here. Last year, the pumps failed to kick in after a brief period of rain; the restaurant flooded, with diners stuck inside. Many have put pump stations in the worst-hit neighbourhoods. But it’s not. With estimated beachfront property of more than $14.7 billion (not including infrastructure), and the expected need of more than 23 million cubic yards of beach renourishment (or the equivalent of more than 10,781 football fields covered in 1 foot of sand) over the next 50 years, the urgency to address the issue is dire.
Starting in 2013, the programme – which Torriente estimates will cost between $400 and $500 million – is multi-pronged. “Adaptation to the inevitable effects of climate change is a local issue.”Later, peering out the window as my plane takes off over Miami, I no longer see the dense green squares of the city's western edge, the sharp skyscrapers downtown and the surprisingly slender line of barrier islands. “On the flip side, you’re not getting help from the state, because the state legislature and governor are in total denial about climate change. With budgets that run in the tens of millions, not billions, local governments already need to be fiscally creative. Getting there, though, requires a shift in how everyone from mayors to taxpayers, insurers to engineers, property developers to urban planners thinks about their communities – and the everyday decisions that shape them. But we’re not doing nothing.”That’s point one. I push: sure enough, it’s a no-go.In some areas, the valves alone have been enough. Sea levels have been rising globally and we have seen similar changes here in Miami-Dade County.
The city also is requiring that all new properties build their first floor higher.One of the roads in Miami Beach being raised by about 2ft (Credit: Amanda Ruggeri)It’s an ambitious agenda.
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